"How can I try Emacs Lisp code?"

Manuals and FAQs for Emacs-related tools often include code snippets. For example, the Emacs FAQ has an entry like this:

5.47 How can I tell Emacs to fill paragraphs with a single space after each period?
===================================================================================

Add the following line to your `.emacs' file:

     (setq sentence-end-double-space nil)

You can read the Emacs manual by typing C-h i (info) and choosing the Emacs item. If you're on a terminal that doesn't understand the C-h key, use F1 or M-x help whenever you see a reference to C-h, or use M-x to call the command by name (ex: F1 i, or M-x info). To jump directly to the Emacs manual, you can use C-h r (info-emacs-manual). You can also find the Emacs Manual at http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/emacs.html .

Emacs has lots of packages in different repositories, many of which require a little extra code in order to be used to full effect. You can use M-x package-list-packages to list the packages that Emacs knows about by default. You will need an Internet connection for that.

If you're new to Emacs, try getting used to Emacs without packages first. There's plenty of functionality already built in. When you come across a gap, chances are that someone has written a package to make Emacs behave the way you want it to. Since there are lots of packages that do similar things, you might want to look for recommendations or ask people which ones you should start with.

In addition to the default package repository, there are other community-supported repositories. See Installing packages if you would like to install a package from a different repository.

If you install a package, check out the README, description, documentation, or source code comments for interesting packages to find suggested code to add to your Emacs configuration.

Here are some packages that might be interesting:

• company: adds text completion
• yasnippet: snippets and templates
• undo-tree: visualize your undo/redo history

You will need to be connected to the Internet in order to view and install packages. You can use M-x package-list-packages to show the available packages and read the descriptions for the packages above.

While searching for information related to Emacs, you'll probably come across lots of Emacs Lisp snippets. The EmacsWiki has lots of code, too. Since this is a community-maintained wiki, you may come across code that is out of date or that refers to packages that you don't have. I've included common errors in this guide to help you figure things out - see "Oh no! I have an error!"

Here are some sites you may want to check out:

• EmacsWiki: CategoryDotEmacs - http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/CategoryDotEmacs
• Emacs Redux - http://emacsredux.com/
• What the Emacs.d?! - http://whattheemacsd.com/
• The very unofficial .emacs home - http://www.dotemacs.de/localfiles.html

There are many places where you can ask for help with Emacs. gnu.emacs.help is available as a mailing list or as a newsgroup - check your favourite Usenet server or use Gmane. StackOverflow and Quora are popular as well. If you ask questions there, you might get answers in the form of Emacs Lisp code. You'll also come across Emacs Lisp code while searching for answers.

Find a snippet of Emacs Lisp code you want to understand more deeply, or look at the examples in the sections below.

The Inferior Emacs Lisp Mode gives you a prompt where you can type or paste in Emacs Lisp code. Start it with M-x ielm. Press RET after you enter code, and the results will be displayed. "Inferior" is a technical term referring to how it's run, not a comment on the simplicity of the tool or the code you want to try. You can go to previously-executed code, change things, and press RET to run (or "evaluate") it again.

If you're copying or typing code, make sure your parentheses are all matched - every "(" should have a ")". IELM won't run the code unless it sees the closing parenthesis. So the following code is incomplete:

(message "Hello

but this will work:

(message "Hello world")

You can use M-p (comint-previous-input) to go through the previously-typed expressions. M-n (comint-next-input) goes forward.

Tip: When you're trying out an unfamiliar mode, use C-h m (describe-mode) to learn more about the commands that are available in that mode.

When Emacs starts, it creates a buffer called *scratch* with the following contents:

;; This buffer is for notes you don't want to save, and for Lisp evaluation.
;; If you want to create a file, visit that file with C-x C-f,
;; then enter the text in that file's own buffer.

You can add code to the end.

;; This buffer is for notes you don't want to save, and for Lisp evaluation.
;; If you want to create a file, visit that file with C-x C-f,
;; then enter the text in that file's own buffer.

(message "Hello world")

Note: ; is the comment character. Anything after the comment character is considered part of the comment. Make sure you add your code on a new line, not in the comment. ;; above is how we usually start comments that take up the entire line.

To run code ("evaluate" it, in Emacs terms), you can use the following commands based on what you want to run:

• M-x eval-buffer runs all the code in the current file or buffer.
• M-x eval-region runs the code in the selected region. You can select a region of text by using the mouse. Alternatively, you can type C-SPC to mark the start of the region, then move your cursor to the end of the region. If you want to learn more about selecting regions, check out the Emacs tutorial (C-h t, C-h t, or M-x help-with-tutorial).
• C-x C-e (eval-last-sexp) runs the expression (S-expression, or sexp) before the cursor. NOTE: Your cursor should be after the closing parenthesis, not on it.

In the *scratch* buffer, you can also press C-j (eval-print-last-sexp) after an expression in order to evaluate it and display the results in the buffer.

The *scratch* buffer is not automatically saved. If you would like to save your code for future use, you can create a file with an .el ending. el stands for Emacs Lisp, and Emacs will open these files in Emacs Lisp mode. The commands listed above work in Emacs Lisp files.

If you want to quickly try a single expression, you can use M-: (eval-expression). It will display the results in the echo area near the bottom of your screen. If you want to insert the results into your buffer, call it with C-u M-: instead. For example, you can use C-u M-: (* 18 2) to multiply 18 and 2 quickly. To review previous results, you can switch to the *Messages* buffer.

C-x C-e (eval-last-sexp) runs the expression (S-expression, or sexp) before the cursor. NOTE: Your cursor should be after the closing parenthesis, not on it. C-x C-e (eval-last-sexp) works in lots of buffers, not just in Emacs Lisp ones. You can use it to quickly try expressions while reading manual pages or other documentation.

You can get the text file for this lesson from http://emacslife.com/read-lisp-tweak-emacs/beginner-1-try-emacs-lisp.txt . If you're reading this lesson in Emacs, try putting your cursor after the closing ) and calling C-x C-e (eval-last-sexp) on the following line:

(menu-bar-mode -1)

This turns off the menu bar along the top of your Emacs window. If you like the menu bar, you can turn it on again by evaluating:

(menu-bar-mode 1)

As with M-: (eval-expression), you can use the C-u prefix to insert the results instead of displaying them. For example, try using C-u C-x C-e (eval-last-sexp) to evaluate the following expression:

(* 6 7)

… then add it to your ~/.emacs.d/init.el file. You can generally add new code at the end. If the code has something to do with load-path, it might be good to add it to the beginning instead. That way, your load-path changes can take effect before any libraries are loaded.

Note: The Emacs configuration file used to be ~/.emacs, and most webpages refer to that. ~/.emacs still works - in fact, if you have that, it may stop Emacs from loading ~/.emacs.d/init.el. On the other hand, if you use ~/.emacs.d/init.el (and move your ~/.emacs code to that file instead), then you have one less hidden file in your home directory (~). If you're adding code to your config and it's not getting loaded, make sure you have either ~/.emacs or ~/.emacs.d/init.el, but not both.

When you're starting out, it's a good idea to keep your configuration in one file. Later on, you can split it up into multiple files if you want.

Try this out:

Next module: "How can I understand what Emacs Lisp code does?"